Skinfulness Impact Area #4
Pollutants & Climate
Pollutants and skin health
It is a well-known fact that apart from lifestyle factors such as diet, sleep and stress levels, there are quite a few external factors that can impact our skin health as well. Continued exposure to changes in the weather, UV radiation, pollution, and smoking are all external aggressors that can aggravate skin health, especially for those of us with sensitive and acne-prone skin.
Although it may be frustrating that uncontrollable factors like the weather and pollution can trigger skin sensitivity and flare-ups, there are ways to mitigate their impact by adopting protective measures.
The effects of pollutants on skin health
When asked, “What causes acne?”, most people don’t think of smog, exhaust fumes, or other pollutants. But the truth is, air pollution is a major — and often overlooked — stressor for urban skin. In almost every city across the world, our skin is constantly exposed to harmful compounds and chemicals. Tiny dust particles known as PM 2.5 (particles 2.5 micrometers or smaller), along with ozone and other pollutants can easily penetrate the skin's protective barrier. These harmful pollutants cause the skin’s natural oil, sebum, to oxidise - think of how an apple browns when exposed to air. This oxidised sebum becomes thicker and stickier, making it more likely to clog pores, which in turn leads to blackheads, whiteheads, and pimples. Also, oxidised sebum is more irritating to the skin, which can lead to inflammation.
Simultaneously, pollutants may also deplete the skin's natural antioxidants, vitamins C and E, leaving it more vulnerable to damage. Also, when pollutants are inhaled, they can make their way into the bloodstream, causing inflammation and oxidative stress throughout the body.
What science says
Over the years, scientific studies have often linked air pollution to worsened acne symptoms, suggesting that airborne pollutants significantly impact breakouts. A recent study conducted with about 60,000 acne patients over two years, revealed that increased levels of NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 were correlated to more acne-related doctor visits. Another study found the same pollutants linked to increased sebum production and more acne lesions. These studies provide strong evidence that specific pollutants worsen acne, highlighting the need to consider air pollution as a factor with regards to acne treatment.
Protecting our skin from air pollution
While we can’t control the pollution in our environment, we can take steps to help our skin cope with it. With the right support and daily habits, we can strengthen our skin’s natural defenses and reduce the impact of environmental stressors.
Monitor pollution levels
Avoid outdoor activities on days with high pollution levels. Check the pollution index on your weather app to find out when to stay indoors.
Cleanse skin daily
Choose a gentle cleanser that removes microscopic pollution particles from the skin’s surface, without stripping the skin of its natural moisture or protective barrier.
Use a protective hydrator
Protect your skin daily with a hydrator that strengthens the barrier and defends against pollution. Choose formulas with ingredients that help reduce oxidative stress in the skin, such as Niacinamide (Vitamin B3), Tocopheryl Acetate (Vitamin E), Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) and Lactobionic Acid (PHA). They help neutralize free radicals caused by pollution, before they can cause damage.
Protect with clothing & masks
When in heavily polluted areas, wear a well-fitted protective mask (N95 or KN95) and protective clothing, such as scarves and hats.
Use air purifiers
Use air purifiers with HEPA filters in your home and workspace to get rid of airborne pollutants.
Avoid smoking
Refrain from smoking, as it exposes our body and skin to harmful toxins from the inside out, while second-hand smoke adds damaging pollutants to the skin’s surface.
The effects of UV exposure on skin health
Sun exposure is another key factor to consider when it comes to skin health. While essential for vitamin D synthesis, over-exposure to sun rays can have a profound impact on overall skin health. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is among the leading factors responsible for premature skin aging, causing wrinkles, loss of elasticity, and uneven pigmentation. Well-known studies, such as those comparing identical twins with different sun exposure habits, and the striking example of a truck driver whose face aged unevenly due to sun exposure on one side alone, vividly illustrate the long-term damage UV rays can inflict.
Those with acne-prone skin are much too familiar with a common misconception; that sun exposure will ‘dry out’ breakouts. The truth is that while initial exposure might temporarily reduce sebum on the surface of the skin, this effect is short-lived and ultimately counterproductive. In reality, exposure to UV radiation can trigger a cascade of negative effects.
Therefore, when we expect our skin to be exposed to a UV index of 3 or higher (check your weather app within our skin.), it is crucial to use a broad-spectrum sunscreen, especially for acne-prone skin. For those worried about skin sensitivity and clogged pores, these concerns can be minimised by choosing the right products tailored for our specific skin needs.
Choose the right sunscreen
We know that with hundreds of sunscreens available in the market, all with different filters and benefits, choosing the right one for our skin can be overwhelming.
Mineral (physical) filters
Sunscreens with mineral filters use mineral oxides, such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, to create a physical barrier on the skin's surface. They work by reflecting and scattering UV rays. Mineral filters are generally well-tolerated by sensitive skin, less likely to cause irritation, and provide broad-spectrum protection. However mineral filters can also leave a white cast, especially on darker skin tones, and may feel thicker on the skin. Using mineral sunscreens with a tint will help with this issue, since it provides light coverage and minimises white cast.
Chemical filters
Sunscreen with chemical filters, such as oxybenzone, avobenzone and octinoxate, absorb UV radiation and convert it into heat. Chemical filters are typically thinner and easier to apply and less likely to leave a white cast. However chemical filters may cause irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive skin. Also, some chemical filters, particularly oxybenzone and octinoxate, are known to have a negative environmental impact on marine ecosystems and coral reefs in particular. So, it is important to consider both the health of our skin and our planet when selecting a sunscreen
Hybrid sunscreens
These sunscreens combine mineral and chemical filters, offering the benefits of both types.
Those with acne-prone skin are much too familiar with a common misconception; that sun exposure will ‘dry out’ breakouts. The truth is that while initial exposure might temporarily reduce sebum on the surface of the skin, this effect is short-lived and ultimately counterproductive. In reality, exposure to UV radiation can trigger a cascade of negative effects.
Reminders for sensitive and acne-prone skin
Broad-spectrum protection
Make sure to choose a sunscreen that protects against both UVA and UVB rays.
SPF 25 or higher
SPF 25 is generally sufficient for daily use, but SPF 50 is recommended for prolonged sun exposure, such as during outdoor activities or beach days.
Oil-free
Opt for oil-free formulations to minimise excess build-up of sebum.
Non-comedogenic
Look for sunscreens with a non-comedogenic formula, which are less likely to clog pores.
Fragrance-free
Avoid fragranced sunscreens, as they can irritate sensitive skin.
Patch testing
If you have highly sensitive skin, perform a patch test on a small patch of skin before use.
Frequent reapplication
Sunscreen should be reapplied every two hours, especially after swimming or sweating.
The effects of the weather on skin health
Alongside pollution and UV radiation, various weather conditions can also influence skin health. Hot and humid weather can exacerbate breakouts, while dry and cold weather can lead to dry skin and flakiness.
The impact of seasonal changes on skin health and acne has long been a prominent area of research. A study conducted in Delhi, India, specifically examined the link between seasonal variations and acne severity. Researchers found that nearly half the participants reported seasonal acne fluctuations, with a majority experiencing bad breakouts during hot and humid months. The heat and moisture create an ideal environment for sebum production, and bacteria clogged pores. Furthermore, a direct correlation was observed between elevated temperatures and humidity levels, and increased acne severity, confirming that both factors play a significant role in triggering acne flare-ups.
However, keeping in mind a few practical tips can help manage acne even in extremely hot and humid weather.
Cleanse regularly
Wash face daily with a gentle cleanser and lukewarm water.
Moisturise
Even skin that feels oily needs moisture. Choose a lightweight, oil-free moisturiser that won't clog pores.
Avoid sweat traps
Opt for loose-fitting, breathable clothing, especially when it’s hot and humid outside. Sweat can clog pores and worsen acne, on the face and the rest of the body.
Shower after sweating
After exercising or spending a long time outdoors, it is advisable to take a quick shower to wash away sweat, oil, dirt and any potential pollutants from the skin.
By understanding how seasonal changes and environmental factors impact the health of our skin, we can better equip ourselves to prevent heat related breakouts and keep our complexion clear and healthy all year round.
The effects of smoking on skin health
Most external factors that negatively impact our skin health are often unavoidable. However, smoking is an external aggressor and toxin that we can definitely control. Quitting this habit not only benefits our own skin health, but also the skin health of those around us exposed to secondhand smoke.
A study on smoking explored how it may influence both the development and severity of acne. Unsurprisingly, researchers found that active smokers are more likely to experience acne than those who don’t smoke. In fact, nearly 41% of smokers in the study had acne, compared to just 25% of non-smokers. And the more one smokes every day, the worse the acne tends to get. This means that smoking not only increases the chances of getting acne but can also make it more severe.
Summary
External factors like pollution, UV radiation, seasonal changes and smoking have been proven to negatively impact skin health, particularly for sensitive and acne-prone skin. Taking protective measures, including targeted skincare routines with cleansing, hydration, and broad-spectrum sunscreen, are essential for maintaining healthy and glowing skin.
References
- Shashikumar, B. M., & Sapthagiri, B. (2019): Seasonal aggravation of acne in summers and the effect of temperature and humidity in a study in a tropical setting.
- Krutmann, J., Moyal, D., Liu, W., Kandahari, S., Lee, G.-S., Nopadon, N., Xiang, L. F., & Seité, S. (2017): Pollution and acne: Is there a link?
- Cosmetics & Toiletries. (2024): Sunburning to heal acne is the latest terrifying TikTok trend.
- Vieira, M. A., Nicoletti, C. R., Thomazini, S. R., França, P. M., Oliveira, D. M., & Sato, M. Y. (2018): Seasonal changes in epidermal ceramides are linked to impaired barrier function in acne patients.
- La Roche-Posay. (n.d.): Three surprising causes of acne.
- Nast, A., Sarkar, R., & Behera, D. (2021): Sun exposure, a relevant exposome factor in acne patients and how photoprotection can improve outcomes.
- Schäfer, T., Nienhaus, A., Vieluf, D., Berger, J., & Ring, J. (2001): Epidemiology of acne in the general population: The risk of smoking.
